Report | 17 Jan 2012
Files:
Chapters
Chapter One: Homelessness Counts
Chapter Two: The Economics of Homelessness
Chapter Three: The Demographics of Homelessness
The State of Homelessness in America 2012
examines homelessness between 2009 and 2011, a period of economic
downturn in the nation. The report shows that despite the bad economy,
homelessness decreased by 1 percent during this period. The decrease was
likely due to a significant investment of federal resources to prevent
homelessness and quickly re-house people who did become homeless. The
Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program (HPRP, funded
through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009) was a $1.5
billion federal effort to prevent a recession-related increase in
homelessness. It was built upon ground-breaking work at the federal
level and in jurisdictions across the nation to improve the homelessness
system by adopting evidence-based, cost effective interventions. In
2010, its first year of operation, it assisted
nearly 700,000 at-risk and homeless people. This report provides
evidence that it was successful in achieving its goal of preventing a
significant increase in homelessness.
Despite the fact that the number of homeless people was essentially
unchanged between 2009 and 2011, there is much reason for concern. As
this report points out, economic and demographic indicators linked to
homelessness continue to be troubling. Homelessness is a lagging
indicator, and the effects of the poor economy on the problem are
escalating and are expected to continue to do so over the next few
years. The resources provided by HPRP have run out in many communities
and the program will sunset entirely in the fall of 2012; despite the
need and proven effectiveness these resources have not been replaced.
Debt and deficit reduction at the federal level have begun to shrink
assistance available to
the most vulnerable. In the year since the data in this report was
collected (January 2011), there have already been reports that the
number of homeless people is increasing. So while holding the line on
homelessness between 2009 and 2011 was a major accomplishment of federal
investment and local innovation, the failure to sustain this early
recipe for success threatens to undermine progress now and in the
future.
Report Contents
The National Alliance to End Homelessness has published a series of
reports chronicling changes in the levels of homelessness in the nation
and in individual states and jurisdictions in order to chart progress
toward the goal of ending homelessness. The most recent of these,
The State of Homelessness in America
series, not only examines changes in national-, state-, and local-level
homelessness data, but also provides data on related economic and
demographic trends.
The State of Homelessness in America 2012, the second in a
series from the National Alliance to End Homelessness, examines both
homelessness and economic and demographic data, using the most recently
available national data from the U.S. Departments of Housing and Urban
Development, Health and Human Services, Justice, Labor, and Commerce;
and from the private real estate research group RealtyTrac. It consists
of three chapters. Chapter One presents data on homelessness at the
national and state levels using point-in-time estimates of the overall
homeless population and subpopulations. Chapter Two describes economic
factors that impact homelessness including housing cost and
unemployment. Chapter Three describes some demographic factors that
impact homelessness, including population groups that are at increased
risk. In addition, Appendix One provides data on homelessness in the
largest metropolitan areas.
Major Findings
Homelessness
Using the most recently available national data on homelessness, the
2009 and 2011 point-in-time counts as reported by jurisdictions to the
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, the report chronicles
the changes in overall homelessness and in homelessness among
subpopulations between 2009 and 2011. Point-in-time count methodologies
vary and are imperfect and as such the aggregated numbers do not
represent a precise count of homeless people. The counts, however, when
compared over time, provide a way to assess whether the homeless
population has increased or decreased.
- The nation’s homeless population decreased 1 percent, or
by about 7,000 people; it went from 643,067 in 2009 to 636,017 in 2011.
There were a decreased number of people experiencing homelessness in
most of the
subpopulations examined in this report: families, individuals in
families,
chronic, and individuals. The only increase was among those unsheltered.
- The largest decrease was among homeless veterans, whose population
declined 11 percent. The number of homeless veterans went from 75,609 in
2009 to 67,495 in 2011, a reduction of about 8,000.
- The national rate of homelessness was 21 homeless people per 10,000
people in the general population. The rate for veterans was 31 homeless
veterans per 10,000 veterans in the general population.
- Chronic homelessness decreased by 3 percent from 110,911 in 2009 to
107,148 in 2011. The chronically homeless population has decreased by 13
percent since 2007. The decrease is associated with an increase in the
number of permanent supportive housing beds from 188,636 in 2007 to
266,968 in 2011. Permanent supportive housing ends chronic homelessness.
- A majority of homeless people counted were in emergency shelters or
transitional housing programs, but nearly 4 in 10 were unsheltered,
living on the streets, or in cars, abandoned buildings, or other places
not intended for human habitation. The unsheltered population increased
by 2 percent from 239,759 in 2009 to 243,701 in 2011, the only
subpopulation to increase.
- The number of individuals in homeless families decreased by 1 percent
nationally, but increased by 20 percent or more in 11 states.
- While the homeless population decreased nationally, it increased in 24 states and the District of Columbia.
Economic Factors
Homelessness is basically caused by the inability of people to pay
for housing; thus it is impacted by both income and the affordability of
available housing. In recognition of this, this report examines certain
economic indicators that affect people who are homeless or at risk of
being so. These factors are examined for the years 2009 to 2010, the
latest for which data is available from the U.S. Census Bureau’s
American Community Survey Public Use Microdata Sample (PUMS) files, the
U.S. Department of Labor, and RealtyTrac, a private real estate research
group. Conditions worsened from 2009 to 2010 among three of the four
economic factors examined: housing cost, unemployment, and foreclosure.
- The number of poor households that spent more than 50
percent of their incomes on rent – defined by HUD as households that are
“severely housing cost burdened” – increased by 6 percent from 5.9
million in 2009 to 6.2 million in 2010. Three-quarters of all poor
renter households had severe housing cost burdens.
- The number of unemployed people increased by 4 percent from 14.3
million in 2009 to 14.8 million in 2010. The unemployed population
increased in 32 of the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
Unemployment rose by 10 percent or more in 11 states.
- The average real income of working poor people increased by less
than one percent, from about $9,300 in 2009 to about $9,400 in 2010.
There was not a single county in the nation where a family with an
average annual income of $9,400 could afford fair market rent for a
one-bedroom unit.
- Foreclosure activity continued to increase with nearly 50,000 more
homes in foreclosure in 2010 than in 2009. Foreclosures increased from
2.83 million units in 2009 to 2.88 million units in 2010, a 2 percent
increase. Nationally, 1 out of every 45 housing units was in foreclosure
in 2010. In Nevada, 1 out of every 11 housing units had a foreclosure.
Demographic Factors
While homelessness affects people of all ages, races, ethnicities and
geographies, there are groups of people at increased risk. This report
examines four populations at increased risk of homelessness: people
living in “doubled up” situations, people discharged from prison, young
adults leaving foster care, and people without health insurance. Using
data from the U.S. Census Bureau’s American Community Survey Public Use
Microdata Sample (PUMS) files, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, this report chronicles
changes in some of the demographic drivers of homelessness between 2009
and 2010.
- The “doubled up” population (people who live with
friends, family or other nonrelatives for economic reasons) increased by
13 percent from 6 million in 2009 to 6.8 million in 2010. The doubled
up population increased by more than 50 percent from 2005 to 2010.
- In addition to people living doubled up, people recently released
from prison and young adults who have recently been emancipated from the
foster care system (aged out) are also at increased risk of
homelessness. The odds for a person in the general U.S. population of
experiencing homelessness in the course of a year are 1 in 194.
- For an individual living doubled up the odds are 1 in 12.
- For a released prisoner they are 1 in 13.
- For a young adult who has aged out of foster care they are 1 in 11.
- The number of people without health insurance increased by 4 percent
from 47.2 million in 2009 to 48.8 million in 2010. Nationally, 1 out of
every 6 people is uninsured.
Moving Forward
The State of Homelessness 2012 lays out a roadmap for ending
homelessness. Prevention and rapid re-housing clearly work: this is the
lesson of the Homelessness Prevention and Rapid Re-Housing Program which
appears to have forestalled an increase in homelessness despite the
poor economy, high unemployment, and lack of affordable housing. With 40
percent of homeless people unsheltered, the crisis response system must
be improved. Permanent supportive housing works to house chronically
homeless people and veterans with disabilities, and continued investment
will solve these problems. Generally, low incomes and high housing
costs, combined with a lack of supportive services for those who need
them, make many people vulnerable to homelessness. Ultimately, as the
nation moves to address the debt and deficit crises, it will be
essential to ensure that the needs of the most vulnerable are
prioritized in order to avoid increased homelessness, suffering, and
cost.
This is an excerpt from the chapter. To read the entire chapter, please download the chapter using the link above.
No comments:
Post a Comment